Polyfacetic Masks of Corruption: Typologies, Categories, Forms and Levels
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Corruption, forms of corruption, levels of corruptionAbstract
This paper is aimed to analyze the multiple forms and faces of corruption, its typology and levels. After reading this paper, readers should have a clear idea about what is corruption and how corruption is classified in different ways. The analysis begins reviewing a typology categorizing political corruption, economic corruption and public administration corruption and showing some examples of typologies, establishing the levels of corruption and indicating where it can be encountered. It is concluded that corruption is just as multifaceted concept as there are societies and economic and political systems, embracing from the broad concept of corruption to the narrow legal concept of bribery. However, it is difficult to assess the overall levels of corruption phenomena based on empirical or perceived data which do not reflect the realities of corruption world.
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References
Ades, A., and Di Tella, R. (1999). Rents, Competition, and Corruption. American Economic Review 89: 982-93.
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